Article information
Abstract
Bedbugs have been known as a human parasite for thousands of years, but scientific studies about this insect are recent and limited. Cimex lectularius, the common bedbug, was a well-known parasite in human dwellings until the end of the Second World War. Nowadays, bedbugs are considered uncommon in the industrialized world. Anecdotal reports suggest that bedbugs are getting more common in the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom. In Brazil, there are few reports about bedbug infestations in the literature. The aim of this article was to alert physicians, especially in Brazil, about this ectoparasitosis, including aspects of the bedbug biology, their parasitism in human host, treatment and prophylaxis.
Keywords:
hemiptera
bedbugs
Cimex lectularius
pyrethrins
DDT
Full text is only available in PDF
References
[1.]
K.Y. Mumcuoglu.
A case of Imported Bedbug (Cimex lectularius) Infestation in Israel.
IMAJ, 10 (2008), pp. 388-389
[2.]
M.D. Scarupa, A. Economides.
Bedbug bites masquerading as urticaria.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 117 (2006), pp. 1508-1509
[3.]
I.-Y. Lee, H._I. Ree, S.-J. An, J.A. Linton, T.-S. Yong.
Reemergence of the bedbug Cimex lectularius in Seoul.
Korea. Korean J Parasitol, 46 (2008), pp. 269-271
[4.]
P. Delaunay, V. Blanc, M. Dandine, P. Del Giudice, M. Franc, C. Pomares-Estran, et al.
Bedbugs and healthcare-associated dermatitis, France.
Emerg Infect Dis, 15 (2009), pp. 989-990
[5.]
K. Liebold, S. Schliemann-Willers, U. Wollina.
Disseminated bullous eruption with systemic reaction caused by Cimex lectularius.
J Eur Acad Dermatol. Venereol, 17 (2003), pp. 461-463
[6.]
M.C. Ter Porten, N.S. Prose.
The return of the common bedbug.
Pediatr Dermatol, 22 (2005), pp. 183-187
[7.]
C.J. Cleary, D. Buchanan.
Diagnosis and management of bedbugs: an emerging U.S. infestation.
Nurse Pract, 29 (2004), pp. 46-48
[8.]
L. Krueger.
Don’t get bitten by the resurgence of bedbugs.
Pest Control, 68 (2000), pp. 58-64
[9.]
Anderson AL, Leffler K. Bedbug infestations in the news: a picture of an emerging public health in the United States. J Environ Health 208; 70:24-27.
[10.]
S.W. Hwang, T.J. Sovoboda, I.J. De Jong, K.J. Kabasele, E. Gogosis.
Bedbug infestations in an urban environment.
Emerg Infect Dis, 11 (2005), pp. 533-538
[11.]
M. Masetti, F. Bruschi.
Bedbug infestations recorded in Central Italy.
Parasitol. Int, 56 (2007), pp. 81-83
[12.]
E.T. Ryan, M.E. Wilson, K.C. Kain.
Illness after international travel.
N Engl J Med, 347 (2002), pp. 505-516
[13.]
J. Goddard, R. deShazo.
Bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) and clinical consequences of their bites.
JAMA, 310 (2009), pp. 1358-1366
[14.]
M.J. Pritchard, S.W. Hwang.
Severe anemia from bedbugs.
CMAJ, 181 (2009), pp. 287-288
[15.]
V. Aoki, R.C. Millikan, E.A. Rivitti, G. Hans-Filho, D.P. Eaton, S.J. Warren, et al.
Environmental risk factors in endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem).
J Investig Dermatol. Symp Proc, 9 (2004), pp. 34-40
[16.]
J. Heukelbach, U.R. Hengge.
Bedbugs, leeches and hookworm larvae in the skin.
Clin Dermatol, 27 (2009), pp. 285-290
[17.]
R.L. Nagem.
Ocorrência de Cimex lectularius L., 1758 (Hemiptera; Cimicidae) em algumas habitações humanas de Belo Horizonte e municípios vizinhos.
Rev. Bras. Ent, 29 (1985), pp. 217-220
[19.]
J.B. Benoit, N.A. Del Grosso, J.A. Yoder, D.L. Denlinger.
Resistance to dehydration between bouts of blood feeding in the bedbug. Cimex lectularius, is enhanced by water conservation, aggregation, and quiescence.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 76 (2007), pp. 987-993
[20.]
J. Goddard.
Bedbugs bounce back - but do they transmit disease?.
Infect Med, 20 (2003), pp. 473-474
[21.]
P.G. Jupp, O.W. Prozesky, S.E. McElligott, L.A. Van Wyk.
Infection of the common bedbug (Cimex lectiularius L) with hepatitis B virus in South Africa.
S Afr Med J, 53 (1978), pp. 598-600
[22.]
P.C. Jupp, S.K. McElligott.
Transmission experiments with hepatitis B surface antigen and the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L).
S Afr Med J, 56 (1979), pp. 54-57
[23.]
P.G. Jupp, S.E. McElligott, G. Lecatsas.
The mechanical transmission of hepatitis B virus by the common bedbug {Cimex lectularius L) in South Africa.
S Afr Med J, 63 (1983), pp. 77-81
[24.]
A.L. Silverman, L.H. Qu, J. Blow, I.M. Zitron, S.C. Gordon, E.D. Walker.
Assessment of hepatitis U virus DNA and hepatitis C virus RNA in the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L.) and kissing bug (Rodnius prolixus).
Am J Gastroenterol, 96 (2001), pp. 2194-2198
[25.]
S.F. Lyons, P.G. Jupp, B.D. Schoub.
Survival of HI V in the common bedbug.
Lancet, 2 (1986), pp. 45
[26.]
P.G. Jupp, S.F. Lyons.
Experimental assessment of bedbugs {Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti formosus) as vectors of human immunodeficiency virus.
AIDS, 1 (1987), pp. 171-174
[27.]
P.A. Webb, C.M. Happ, G.O. Maupin, B.J. Johnson, C.Y. Ou, T.P. Monalh.
Potential for insect transmission of HIV: experimental exposure of Cimex hemipterus and Toxorhynchites amhoinemis to human immunodeficieney virus.
J Infect Dis, 160 (1989), pp. 970-977
[28.]
A. Kolb, G.R. Needham, K.M. Neyman, W.A. High.
Bedbugs.
Dermatol. Ther, 22 (2009), pp. 347-352
[29.]
I. Thomas, G.G. Kihiczak, R.A. Scwartz.
Bedbug bites: a review.
Int. J Dermatol, 43 (2004), pp. 430-433
[30.]
P.R. Cohen, J.A. Tschen, F.W. Robinson, J.M. Gray.
Recurrent episodes of painful and pruritic red skin lesions.
Am J Clin Dermatol, 11 (2010), pp. 73-78
[31.]
R.L. Usinger.
Thomas Say Foundation, (1966),
[32.]
M. Leverkus, R.C. Jochim, S. Schäd, E.B. Bröcker, J.F. Andersen, J.G. Valenzuela, et al.
Bullous allergic hypersensitivity to bedbug bites mediated by IgE against salivary nitrophorin.
J Invest Dermatol, 126 (2006), pp. 91-96
[33.]
K. Reinhardt, D. Kempke, R. Naylor, M.T. Siva-Jothy.
Sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius.
Med Vet Ent, 23 (2009), pp. 163-166
[34.]
J.E. Sansom, N.J. Reynolds, R.D. Peachey.
Delayed reaction to bedbug bites [letter].
Arch Dermatol, 128 (1992), pp. 272-273
[35.]
A.J. Bircher.
Systemic immediate allergic reactions to arthropod stings and bites.
Dermatology, 210 (2005), pp. 119-127
[36.]
C. Jimenez-Diaz, B.S. Cuenca.
Asthma produced by susceptibility to unusual allergens.
J Allergy, 6 (1935), pp. 397-403
[37.]
L. Sternberg.
A case for asthma caused by the Cimex lectularius.
Med J Rec, 129 (1929), pp. 622
[38.]
E.A. Brown.
Insects and allergy.
Ann Allergy, 2 (1944), pp. 235-266
[39.]
M.D. Scarupa, A. Economides.
Bedbug bites masquerading as urticaria.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 117 (2006), pp. 1508-1509
[40.]
D.J. Parsons.
Bedbug bite anaphylaxis misinterpreted as coronary occlusion.
Ohio State Med J, 51 (1955), pp. 669
[41.]
C.J. Steen, P.A. Carbonaro, R.A. Scwartz.
Arthropods in dermatology.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 50 (2004), pp. 819-842
[42.]
C.A. Krause-Parello, P. Sciscione.
Bedbugs: An Equal Opportunist and Cosmopolitan Creature.
J Sch Nurs, 25 (2009), pp. 126-132
[43.]
W.R. Heymann.
Bedbugs: a new morning for nighttime pests.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 60 (2009), pp. 482-483
Copyright © 2011. Elsevier Editora Ltda.. All rights reserved
