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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On March 11th&#44; WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic&#46; Two days after&#44; the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed at Hospital S&#227;o Paulo&#44; a large university hospital in S&#227;o Paulo city&#46; On March 23rd&#44; a quarantine was declared by the local authorities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>Despite social distancing measures&#44; SARS-CoV-2 infections increased in many metropolitan areas&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health care workers &#40;HCW&#41; are at a higher risk of being infected in their workplace and at the community level as the outbreak expands in urban areas&#46; We diagnosed COVID-19 among HCW and analyzed their type of exposure and household location in the city&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From March 22nd to April 22nd&#44; during the quarantine in the city&#44; HCW from Hospital S&#227;o Paulo presenting with influenza-like illnesses or any clinical suspicion of COVID-19 were evaluated at the HCW Medical Assistance Service as part of a routine surveillance after the pandemic was declared&#46; Of note&#44; 144 patients were hospitalized with a COVID19 diagnosis during this period&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected&#44; immediately transported to the virology laboratory&#44; and were tested by a specific polymerase chain reaction method for SARS-CoV-2 according to the CDC USA protocol&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HCW were categorized based on the type of exposure to patients &#40;daily contact or not&#41; and the hospital job occupation&#46; Logistic workers included laundry&#44; cleaning services&#44; and security staff&#46; Data regarding the HCW&#8217; household locations were also obtained and analyzed according the residential administrative districts&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the general population of confirmed COVID-19 cases in S&#227;o Paulo city&#44; and the green areas with 120&#8211;238 cases were considered the most affected&#44; having the highest risk of SARS-COV-2 transmission&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis&#58; Student t-test&#44; contingency table analysis calculated using chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used&#44; and a p-value &#60;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 466 swabs for COVID-19 were analyzed&#44; and 36&#37; &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;169&#41; were Positive for SARS-CoV-2&#46; The median age was 39&#46;2 years and 71&#46;8&#37; were females &#40;335&#47;466&#41;&#46; The positivity rate of each category according to exposure and job description is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Logistic workers had the highest rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;0029&#41;&#44; but nurse technicians had the highest rate among those reporting daily contact with patients &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;0010&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also analyzed the household geographic distribution of the HCW positive cases in the administrative districts of S&#227;o Paulo&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows different COVID-19 rates in the general population according to the City Health Office data distributed in the city and also the 106 out of 126 HCW positive cases distributed by household locations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Nineteen of these HCW lived near the hospital&#8217;s neighborhood&#44; the most affected district by the outbreak&#46; The available location of 106 HCW diagnosed with COVID-19 and their household locations are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Doctors presented the lowest rate of infection although living in most affected districts &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COVID-19 transmission among HCW is a common fact&#59; China&#44; Spain&#44; and the USA have also observed a great number of affected HCW&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Our COVID-19 study was conducted in a university hospital of a district in S&#227;o Paulo with a high rate of confirmed cases during the quarantine&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering routine daily contact&#44; nurse technicians were infected the most&#44; probably due to many opportunities for exposure during their shift&#44; although they had received training on the use of personal protective equipment&#46; Unexpectedly&#44; we found that the highest rate of infection was among personnel who had no direct patient contact&#46; Logistic workers were less trained and&#47;or unaware of the risks of COVID-19 transmission at the hospital&#46; Quite often&#44; administrative technicians and logistic workers are not provided with adequate training and personal protective equipment&#46; In this sense&#44; it is essential to implement health policies for professionals who do not have routine contact with patients&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infection of HCW in the community cannot be ruled out&#44; since many HCW live in high affected districts and many of the positive cases live in the hospital&#8217;s neighborhood&#46; Liu et al&#46; in their study about the aerodynamics of SARS-CoV-2 reported high levels of airborne RNA in areas prone to crowding&#44; probably due to infected carriers in the crowd&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However&#44; logistic workers&#8217; household locations were not significantly associated with the most affected COVID-19 districts &#40;p&#8239;&#62;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Limitations of this study include small sample size&#44; short study time frame&#44; and lack of some HCW data&#46; Facilitating testing of symptomatic professionals&#44; creating sick leave policies that are non-punitive&#44; flexible&#44; and consistent with public health guidance&#44; and providing adequate training and protective equipment could improve the prevention of infection transmission to employees&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Health care workers &#40;HCW&#41; are at a higher risk of being infected in their workplace&#46; Out of a total of 466 HCW of Hospital S&#227;o Paulo with influenza-like illnesses or any clinical suspicion of COVID-19 were tested for COVID-19 by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 169 &#40;36&#37;&#41; turned out positive and were analyzed by type of exposure and hospital occupation&#46; Data of HCW household locations were also obtained&#46; Logistic workers had the highest positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 &#40;p &#61; 0&#46;002&#41;&#44; while nurse technicians had the highest rate among those reporting routine contacts with patients &#40;p &#61; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Physicians presented the lowest rate of infection&#44; although living in most affected districts &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Policies and adequate training for all hospital employees may improve prevention of COVID-19 among all health care service categories&#46;</p></span>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 24. Issue 5.
Pages 462-465 (September - October 2020)
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5546
Vol. 24. Issue 5.
Pages 462-465 (September - October 2020)
Brief communication
Open Access
COVID-19 in health care workers in a university hospital during the quarantine in São Paulo city
Visits
5546
Klinger Soares Faíco-Filho
Corresponding author
Klingerfaiko@hotmail.com

Corresponding author at627 Rua Pedro de Toledo,781 - Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, Brazil.
, Joseane Mayara Almeida Carvalho, Danielle Dias Conte, Luciano Kleber de Souza Luna, Nancy Bellei
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Table 1. Health care workers’ type of exposure and city district of residence diagnosed with COVID-19 at Hospital São Paulo.
Abstract

Health care workers (HCW) are at a higher risk of being infected in their workplace. Out of a total of 466 HCW of Hospital São Paulo with influenza-like illnesses or any clinical suspicion of COVID-19 were tested for COVID-19 by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 169 (36%) turned out positive and were analyzed by type of exposure and hospital occupation. Data of HCW household locations were also obtained. Logistic workers had the highest positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 (p = 0.002), while nurse technicians had the highest rate among those reporting routine contacts with patients (p = 0.001). Physicians presented the lowest rate of infection, although living in most affected districts (p < 0.001). Policies and adequate training for all hospital employees may improve prevention of COVID-19 among all health care service categories.

Keywords:
Coronavirus
Health care workers
Pandemic
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On March 11th, WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. Two days after, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed at Hospital São Paulo, a large university hospital in São Paulo city. On March 23rd, a quarantine was declared by the local authorities.1Despite social distancing measures, SARS-CoV-2 infections increased in many metropolitan areas.

Health care workers (HCW) are at a higher risk of being infected in their workplace and at the community level as the outbreak expands in urban areas. We diagnosed COVID-19 among HCW and analyzed their type of exposure and household location in the city.2

From March 22nd to April 22nd, during the quarantine in the city, HCW from Hospital São Paulo presenting with influenza-like illnesses or any clinical suspicion of COVID-19 were evaluated at the HCW Medical Assistance Service as part of a routine surveillance after the pandemic was declared. Of note, 144 patients were hospitalized with a COVID19 diagnosis during this period.

Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected, immediately transported to the virology laboratory, and were tested by a specific polymerase chain reaction method for SARS-CoV-2 according to the CDC USA protocol.

HCW were categorized based on the type of exposure to patients (daily contact or not) and the hospital job occupation. Logistic workers included laundry, cleaning services, and security staff. Data regarding the HCW’ household locations were also obtained and analyzed according the residential administrative districts. Fig. 1 shows the general population of confirmed COVID-19 cases in São Paulo city, and the green areas with 120–238 cases were considered the most affected, having the highest risk of SARS-COV-2 transmission.

Fig. 1.

SARS-CoV-2 infected health care workers distributed by residential Administrative Districts (n = 106)

(0.55MB).

Statistical analysis: Student t-test, contingency table analysis calculated using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

A total of 466 swabs for COVID-19 were analyzed, and 36% (n = 169) were Positive for SARS-CoV-2. The median age was 39.2 years and 71.8% were females (335/466). The positivity rate of each category according to exposure and job description is shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Health care workers’ type of exposure and city district of residence diagnosed with COVID-19 at Hospital São Paulo.

Daily contacts  Total (n = 466)  COVID-19 (n = 169)(n/%)  District of residenceHigh-risk+/All districts(n = 106++
       
Nurse technician #  128  57 (44.0)  6/37 
Nurse  54  16 (29.0)  -/8 
Physician  107  26 (24.2)  13/17 # 
Laboratory personnel  14  4 (28.5)  -/3 
Physiotherapist  16  4 (25.0)  2/4 
Phonoaudiologist  2 (66.6)  -/1 
No contacts       
Administrative staff  90  28 (31.1)  4/14 
Logistic workers*#  27  17 (62.9)  4/15 
Others**  27  15 (55.5)  2/7 

High-risk: districts with 120-178 and 179-238 confirmed COVID-19 cases ( up to 04/17/2020) ++ Information on district of residence was not available for 60 COVID-19 cases.

*

Laundry, cleaning services, security staff.

**

Dentist, Pharmacist, Radiologist.

+

High-risk: districts with 120-178 and 179-238 confirmed COVID-19 cases ( up to 04/17/2020).

++

Information on district of residence was not available for 60 COVID-19 cases.

#

p-value < 0.05

Logistic workers had the highest rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = 0,0029), but nurse technicians had the highest rate among those reporting daily contact with patients (p = 0.0010).

We also analyzed the household geographic distribution of the HCW positive cases in the administrative districts of São Paulo. Fig. 1 shows different COVID-19 rates in the general population according to the City Health Office data distributed in the city and also the 106 out of 126 HCW positive cases distributed by household locations.3 Nineteen of these HCW lived near the hospital’s neighborhood, the most affected district by the outbreak. The available location of 106 HCW diagnosed with COVID-19 and their household locations are presented in Table 1. Doctors presented the lowest rate of infection although living in most affected districts (p < 0.001).

COVID-19 transmission among HCW is a common fact; China, Spain, and the USA have also observed a great number of affected HCW.4,5 Our COVID-19 study was conducted in a university hospital of a district in São Paulo with a high rate of confirmed cases during the quarantine.

Considering routine daily contact, nurse technicians were infected the most, probably due to many opportunities for exposure during their shift, although they had received training on the use of personal protective equipment. Unexpectedly, we found that the highest rate of infection was among personnel who had no direct patient contact. Logistic workers were less trained and/or unaware of the risks of COVID-19 transmission at the hospital. Quite often, administrative technicians and logistic workers are not provided with adequate training and personal protective equipment. In this sense, it is essential to implement health policies for professionals who do not have routine contact with patients.

Infection of HCW in the community cannot be ruled out, since many HCW live in high affected districts and many of the positive cases live in the hospital’s neighborhood. Liu et al. in their study about the aerodynamics of SARS-CoV-2 reported high levels of airborne RNA in areas prone to crowding, probably due to infected carriers in the crowd.6 However, logistic workers’ household locations were not significantly associated with the most affected COVID-19 districts (p > 0.05).

Limitations of this study include small sample size, short study time frame, and lack of some HCW data. Facilitating testing of symptomatic professionals, creating sick leave policies that are non-punitive, flexible, and consistent with public health guidance, and providing adequate training and protective equipment could improve the prevention of infection transmission to employees.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References
[2]
Chow EJ, Schwartz NG, Tobolowsky FA, et al. Symptom screening at illness onset of health care personnel with SARS-CoV-2 infection in King County, Washington. JAMA. Published online 17 April 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6637.
[4]
Z. Wu, J.M. McGoogan.
Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
JAMA, 323 (2020), pp. 1239-1242
[5]
W.J. Guan, Z.Y. Ni, Y. Hu, et al.
Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China.
N Engl J Med, 382 (2020), pp. 1708-1720
[6]
Y. Liu, Z. Ning, Y. Chen, et al.
Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals.
Nature, 582 (2020), pp. 557-560
Copyright © 2020. Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
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